Chapter 11 Section Guided Reading the Civil War Begins Answers
While Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and of class Martin Luther King Jr. are all well-known leaders in America'south ceremonious rights motility, the accomplishments of that era were the work of more than than just a few individuals. Thousands marched, organized, educated and more to build a ameliorate society, and equally a result, some leaders cruel past the wayside of many of today'due south history books. These are simply some of the amazing civil rights leaders yous may accept never learned about.
Claudette Colvin
Although Rosa Parks may be famous for refusing to surrender her seat for a white man, Claudette Colvin stood her ground nine months before — and at the age of xv rather than 42. She and three of her friends were sitting in a row when a white woman boarded the bus, and the driver demanded that all four of them motility. Three did. Claudette didn't.
She explained that it was her constitutional right to sit down there. "It felt," Colvin afterward explained, "equally though Harriet Tubman's hands were pushing me down on ane shoulder and Sojourner Truth's hands were pushing me downwardly on the other shoulder."
Colvin's books were knocked from her hands, and she was manhandled off the bus and later placed in jail before existence bailed out by her parents. The National Association for the Advocacy of Coloured People (NAACP) considered promoting her as a central figure in the fight confronting segregation, merely it ultimately chose not to considering she was a teenager. She also shortly became pregnant, which organizers feared would distract from the broader struggle.
Even so, along with Aurelia Southward. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith, Colvin became i of four plaintiffs in the case of Browder vs. Gayle, which saw Montgomery, Alabama'south bus policies thrown out equally unconstitutional. Colvin moved to New York City two years afterward and became a nurse'due south aide.
While Martin Luther Male monarch Jr. was the face of the civil rights rallies of the '60s, Bayard Rustin was the homo behind the scenes who organized them. Raised by his teenage mother and Quaker grandparents, he was drawn to the Young Communists League while attention New York's City College during the 1930 because of their support for racial equality. Yet, he left when the Communist Party shifted away from civil rights work subsequently 1941. He and so joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), co-founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and became an agile campaigner for civil rights.
Rustin's accomplishments are nearly too numerous to list. He participated in CORE's Journey of Reconciliation, the predecessor to the later Freedom Rides that ended bussing segregation, and ended up on a chain gang as a effect. He used that experience to publish several newspaper articles that led to the reform of such gangs. In 1948, he went to India to see Mahatma Gandhi's irenic practices in activeness, and he later traveled to West Africa to piece of work with different colonial independence movements. He became a close advisor to Martin Luther King and played an instrumental role in everything from 1963'south March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to helping to draft King's Memoir, Pace Toward Freedom.
Rustin became a target of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI early on because of his communist ties, and his 1953 conviction on charges of homosexual activity acquired tension fifty-fifty with other civil rights leaders. All the same, Rustin continued his work, and in the 1980s, he finally opened upwards nearly his sexuality. He played a primal role in getting the NAACP to accept action confronting the AIDS crisis. He died in 1987.
Shirley Chisholm
Born to immigrant parents from British Guiana and Barbados, Shirley Chisholm graduated from Brooklyn College in 1946. She was an educational activity consultant for New York City's daycare system and was active in the NAACP before representing Brooklyn in the New York'southward state legislature from 1964 to 1968. She then accomplished success on the national stage past winning election to the Firm of Representatives, where she remained until 1981. She was an ardent opponent of the Vietnam War and a supporter of ballgame rights and the Equal Rights Amendment.
Chisholm was also both the first Black person and first woman to run for the nomination of a major political party in the U.s.. Though she merely received 152 delegate votes at the 1972 Autonomous National Convention, her run nevertheless foreshadowed even greater political accomplishments for women and people of color in the years and decades to come.
Benjamin Mays
Martin Luther King Jr. once described Benjamin Mays every bit his "spiritual mentor." Born in 1894 Hezekiah and Louvenia Carter, who were former slaves, Mays grew up to go a doctorate from the Academy of Chicago and was ordained as a Baptist government minister. He later became president of Morehouse Higher.
While at Morehouse, Mays delivered weekly addresses at the college'southward chapel, and information technology was these speeches that first drew a young Martin Luther King Jr. to him. King began meeting with Mays to discuss theology and world affairs after the weekly addresses, and Mays began to accept Sunday dinners with the Rex family.
Mays went on to exist one of Rex'southward nearly prominent supporters. When mass arrests led Rex'south father to ask him to step down as a leader in the Montgomery double-decker cold-shoulder, Mays vocally supported King'southward decision non to practice so. He gave the benediction at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. Even afterwards King's bump-off, Mays continued to fight for civil rights and became the offset Black president of the Atlanta Board of Pedagogy.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Similar Mays, Nannie Helen Burroughs' parents had experienced the horrors of slavery immediate. Later her father died, she and her female parent moved to Washington D.C. Burroughs performed well in school, but despite her success, she was unable to find a job every bit a public school teacher. As a result, she decided to constitute her own school for Blackness American women without the ways to pay for an instruction.
Some civil rights leaders of the time, such as Booker T. Washington, doubted Burroughs' ability to heighten coin for the school. Because of donations from local black women and their families, however, Burroughs was nonetheless successful, and the National Merchandise and Professional person School for Women and Girls (NTPSG) in 1909 with the motto, "Nosotros specialize in the wholly impossible." At age 26, Burroughs was the start president.
The NTPSG was unusual in that it combined a classical instruction along with vocational skills meant to help black women find jobs in modern society. Black history was too a required course, a largely unprecedented move for the fourth dimension. While the original school only consisted of a small-scale farmhouse, in 1928, it grew to include a larger edifice with 12 classrooms and additional facilities. Burroughs died in 1961, simply her efforts to provide education and opportunity regardless of race or gender paved the style for farther efforts to secure civil rights.
Source: https://www.reference.com/history/influential-civil-rights-leaders-fba3aa8663d7f466?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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